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Lesson 7
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9 Replies
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Bob Kerr – Connecting with your audience
What I learned from this lesson was the need to expand the elements that connect my audience to a character beyond just the obvious one of empathy.
1) Which characters I am going to intentionally create a connection with the audience?
The first is one of the key transformational characters – John Yeros. He was on the second plane that arrived in Logan, Utah only because he got demoted to second team earlier in the week.
The second is Coach Bob Seaman the Change Agent. He is the oldest of the surviving coaches and has the mots experience in building a winning team.
2) With each character, tell us how you’ll use each of the four ways of connecting with an audience; Relatability, intrigue, empathy and likability.
John Yeros:
Relatability:
Most people have experienced the situation where you are either passed over or demoted. We remember how that felt as well as all the times we did not win a competition.
Intrigue:
He is initially told the plane crashed in Loveland, Colorado. Being from Colorado he knows this is a fairly flat area and should have little real damage or injury.
Empathy:
Most adults have experienced the tragic loss of life of someone close to us. We remember deeply the sense of loss, confusion and chaos that immediately followed getting the tragic news.
Likability:
John is the typical good natured college student who just happens to be a football player. He is not arrogant, boastful or cruel. He is the typical All-American young man.
Coach Bob Seaman:
Relatability:
When the tragic news is finally shared with him, he immediately thinks of taking care of the rest of the team. The target audience of young men will be able to relate to that sense of caring for those you hold most dear in a time of chaos and confusion.
Intrigue:
How will he navigate the reality of the situation. He must get to Denver asap and check-in on those few players that survived. He delegates the responsibility of getting the rest of the team back to Wichita. Will they follow through without him there?
Empathy:
Coach Seaman learned that his mentor and the coach that brought him to WSU has perished in the plane crash. When he is given the option of climbing the mountain to view the crash site, he choses to not go up and keep his memories of his boss intact. Clearly a man of honor.
Liability:
Coach Seaman leads with his heart. He never raises his voice in the hour of need. He just takes care of business in a gentle way and endears the other coaches, players and audience to him. Most people remember a teacher, coach or mentor that was just like that and the incredible impression they made on their lives.
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Mary Albanese’s Connection with Audience
What I learned: It’s not magic or clever writing that makes the audience care – it is THOUGHTFUL writing that lays in the proven methods and tools of audience engagement.
In my script Maggie is the transformational character who will connect and draw audiences in. How?
Relatability. She gets put into a new situation, going from NY to Alaska. It’s very different. She needs to learn how to deal with a new place. We all have experienced going somewhere new and having to figure out this new situation.
Intrigue – Why is she here? What does she hope to gain from coming to this [lace that is so different than her home?
Empathy – She says something naiive and the others laugh at her. We have been laughed at for saying something that others already understand.
Likeability – she saves a bird who is just as out of its element as she is. Reminding her how out of her element she is. And also showing us that she worries about the dangers here.
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Deb’s Connection with the Audience
What I learned… Trying to connect with the audience helped me put some flesh on these bony characters. I also realized, if this story is going to work, I’d need to have my Change Agent character actually be living and breathing.
Intentionally creating a connection with:
Change Agent: Bram Roe; Jack’s father.
Transformational Character: Jack Roe; Bram’s son.
Jack Roe:
Relatability:
Jack is finally going to tackle his father’s basement, which is full of junk. He’s hired a Junk Removal company, but before they arrive, he’s got to sort through what’s important and what’s not.
Intrigue:
The question: What is this priceless treasure? Is it real? Can it be found? How will it be found?
Empathy:
Jack must delicately handle his father who is disabled and has dementia. He loves his father but must walk a fine line with the role reversal.
Likability:
Jack has a light touch as he loves and cares for his family. The quest means nothing to him (at first) but he takes it on because it means so much to his father, son, and wife.
Bram Roe:
At first, Bram was dead, and just left behind clues and a notebook for Jack. HOWEVER, it’s probably important that they interact in some way – so I’ve decided to resurrect Bram and make him disabled and suffering from dementia. (Jack is responsible for Bram being in a wheelchair.)
Relatability:
Bram is a huge collector of nostalgia. He’s kept everything from his youth on up.
Intrigue:
Why is Bram convinced the priceless treasure exists? Why hasn’t he found it?
Empathy:
Bram can, at one moment, be completely cogent and the next be lost. It’s difficult to watch him struggle.
Likability:
Bram has become like a child. Completely dependent on others for his care, however, he doesn’t let it bother him and takes most things in stride and with a sense of humor.
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Cheryl:
Good morning on Monday, August 7th.
I went to do lesson 8 today and see where it is not scheduled to drop until August 19th. Is this an error. When will the class actually drop?
Thank you,
Bob Kerr
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Sunil Pappu’s Connection with Audience
“What I learned doing this assignment is…to identify the core traits that will help connect with the audience intentionally built into the main characters of my story”
Characters that INTENTIONALLY create a connection with Audience are:
Change Agent (s): Daisaku Ikeda; Josei Toda (The Mentor)
Transformable Characters: Young Daisaku, Soka Gakkai members
Character: Young Daisaku (TC)
A. Relatability:
Young Daisaku and his brother play hide and seek with broken mirror shards.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: Children often find discarded things fun to play with.
B. Intrigue:
Young Daisaku wants to join the Army and secretly tries to enlist without his parents’ approval.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: Teens often want to be like their peers and would often hide things from their parents fearing their disapproval.
C. Empathy:
Young Daisaku is diagnosed with Tuberculosis and the doctors predict he may not live to the age of 30.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: Illness that rods loved ones, especially at a young age is something we can all empathise with. We want to root for him to beat his odds.
Young Daisaku’s home is bombed twice leaving nothing more than a suitcase of dolls and a pink umbrella in their possession, but his mother cheerfully remarks “We will be able to display the dolls once we rebuild our home again.”
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: Anyone who has been evicted from their home, lost all their possessions or, lived in a war-torn country.
Young Daisaku witnesses a US pilot parachute off his plane that’s caught fire being beaten up by people on the streets when he lands and gets taken away in a military van. The pilot is a young boy of not more than seventeen who looks scared and helpless and nothing like the enemy he’s imagined. He shares this incident with his mother who says: “Oh dear, the boy’s mother must be so worried for him.”
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We often see the world as US vs THEM while we forget the humanity of the other. Mothers on the other hand have an innate instinct to protect life and are not coloured by Jingoism and are often peacemakers.
D. Likability:
Young Daisaku, is a caring son who helps his mother in the family business of collecting seaweed by waking up at 3 am and diving into the cold seawater. He loves his grieving mother and feels helpless to ease her pain when his elder brother is killed in Burma. He dutifully serves his ailing bedridden father and takes care of his younger sibling while trying to be the man of the house and joins a munitions factory to eke out a living once his father’s thriving seaweed business collapses. Daisaku write a poem on the Morigasaki beach for his friend who feels lost and rudderless in life.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: A caring loving son, brother and a sincere friend.
Character: Josei Toda (The Mentor – CA)
A. Relatability:
Young Daisaku meets Josei Toda for the first time, and he sees that he can trust this man who went to prison to uphold his principles and not succumb to the militarist government. He doesn’t try to sidestep his questions on “the meaning of life?” and “How to live the best life?” using intellectual babble like many leaders in society often do and comes across as sincere and honest and respectful. Daisaku relaxes in his first meeting and soon they converse like old lost friends.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We all feel nervous and out of place the first time we are in a large gathering and when we have to introduce ourselves. Most of us can sense the sincerity and genuineness of people in our first interactions with them. Many leaders in society rarely practice what they preach.
B. Intrigue:
Josei Toda is an educator with more than 40 businesses which all go bankrupt after the war but he is focused on rebuilding Soka Gakkai, an organization made up of volunteer ordinary people with the vision of wiping out the misery from their lives and making them happy. He has strong convictions in his vision and mission, but we are left to wonder how he will be able to do this when there is a clampdown by the government on all businesses and people are barely able to make ends meet with even government ration in short supply. He restarts his business waiting for the right time and creates a correspondence course for the youth who are out of school. He partners with his friends who betrayed him before the war, knowing that they are only interested in profits and do not really care for the cause. Will this be enough to change the tragic destiny of the nation? How can he turn this situation around? Will he be betrayed again?
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We want Toda to succeed but we are intrigued by his methods.
C. Empathy:
Toda decides that on principle he wants to pay back his investors even though the government doesn’t honour even the fire insurance on his old office building that has been razed to the ground by the bombings. Even his business friends think he’s being too idealistic, no one expects to recoup their investments before the war, but Toda is adamant. The investors, however, hound him and abuse and embarrass him for being late on his payments. Young Daisaku faces their wrath silently while seething with anger on the inside.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We can empathise with injustice and greed when someone is trying to do the honourable thing.
D. Likability:
Josei Toda has a great sense of humour and in an early morning lecture trying to illustrate how important thoughts and words are asks someone in his class “Do you want a dog?” When the man nods. Toda draws the image of a dog on the blackboard and asks him “What is this?” The man replies: “It’s a dog.” Toda says: “Okay then, take it!” He once tells Young Daisaku while taking a stroll at the university campus “One day we will build our own University that will have students from all over the world but for now, all I can treat you to is a subsidized cup of coffee at the student cafeteria!”
He calls Daisaku to his home on Sundays to teach him every subject he can think of and tells him he will be the foremost scholar in the world and able to hold a conversation with the world’s leading thinkers and leaders one day.
When Daisaku is arrested on false charges, Toda in his frail health rushes to the airport before his interrogation and pleads with him “Daisaku please don’t die. You have to live for me.”
Before his death, he tells Daisaku “I had a dream that I went in Mexico. Daisaku, I want you to travel the world on my behalf. There are people waiting everywhere for you.”
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: To have a mentor who really cares for you and sets impossible dreams in life that allow us to surpass them is a rare and unique thing.
Character: Daisaku Ikeda (CA)
A. Relatability:
Daisaku joins the Boys Magazine, and he knows nothing about the publishing world and feels like he doesn’t belong. He struggles to learn on the job and has to quit night school in order to help his mentor rebuild his businesses when he steps down as Soka Gakkai president to protect the organization from any bad press associated with his business failings.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We all had the fish-out-water experience in our first jobs where you need to learn things on the job that you were not aware of.
B. Intrigue:
Daisaku is arrested on false charges and is forced to confess to the charges to save his mentor – The Osaka Trial. He reluctantly assumes the presidency of Soka Gakkai after Toda’s death when the media predicts a collapse of the organization even with the Osaka trial still hanging over his head. He meets with scheming Nichiren Shoshu priests to have a dialogue and protect the members. He is betrayed by his own attorney. He steps down from the presidency to alleviate the situation, but it only gets worse. He journeys to China and Russia even as the Japanese politicians view this with deep scepticism. He meets with US and Russian counterparts during the Cuban Missile Crisis and is warned by an influencing politician to call off his meeting with President Kennedy. He stands outside the Berlin Wall and vows to bring it down. He meets the world’s leading philosophers and leaders as an ordinary citizen. How will he transform the deeply divided nations and bring them together? How does he do it just as an ordinary citizen?
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We want Daisaku to succeed and live to change the world. We are intrigued by how he plans to accomplish such an impossible goal of a world free from hatred, violence, and nuclear weapons.
C. Empathy:
Daisaku pushes himself beyond his physical limits despite severe tuberculosis and runs a high fever on most days but never allows his frail health to stop him from meeting people and encouraging them. He uses his time even while travelling and resting to dictate notes for his articles and books, constantly thinking about the future.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We have all pushed ourselves physically but to do it on a sustained level for decades is not easy but relatable especially those sleepless nights trying to finish an important project or meet a deadline at work.
D. Likability:
Daisaku Ikeda is charming and treats even the people behind the scenes with immense respect. He always goes to meet them first before entering any event or building. He thanks everyone he meets. He loves children and plays with them with zeal. He is a photographer who captures nature in all its stunning natural beauty, he plays the piano to warm the hearts of members who are not allowed to meet him, and he sends thoughtful poems and messages to people he meets hoping to spark a fresh start in their lives.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: He values people and listens to them. He seeks out those not just in the limelight but the ones toiling away behind the scenes unnoticed by everyone. He genuinely cares for everyone.
Character: Soka Gakkai members (TC)
A. Relatability:
Ordinary hardworking people are affected by the war and the facing daily challenges of jobs, finances, relationships, and sickness while being misled by corrupt leaders and greedy politicians.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: They are one of us. We can relate to their daily struggles.
B. Intrigue:
Soka Gakkai members remain undefeated in the face of extreme challenges including being ridiculed by corrupt priests and ostracized by Unions and boycotted by their neighbours and co-workers. They still continue to fight and win their respect and become community leaders.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We are intrigued by the machinations of the Unions and priests to destroy the lives of sincere ordinary people and root for them to win.
C. Empathy:
The extreme injustices faced by the Soka Gakkai members for not toeing the line at their places of work, from their neighbours and in their communities is heart-breaking to see.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We can relate to these injustices in our own lives.
D. Likability:
Soka Gakkai members are optimistic and cheerful. They respect everyone and treat them as unique and irreplaceable comrades. They act as a “good friend” to even those who have been marginalized and ostracized and forgotten by society.
CONNECT TO AUDIENCE: We all like having genuine sincere and cheerful friends who can always give us hope and be there in our times of need.
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Sharon’s Connection with Audience
What I learned doing this assignment is…. that there are multiple ways in which to achieve this, some of which I hadn’t really considered overtly before. Some additional useful prompts!
– TRANSFORMATIONAL CHARACTER
o A. Relatability
§ Ever had your home destroyed?
§ Being forced to do something you don’t want – by an external force
§ Recognising something for what it is
§ NOT recognising something for what it is
§ Prized possessions – in particular a laptop…!
§ Being scared in a new place
o B. Intrigue
§ The mystery around why she’s at the crypt
§ What she’s doing there
§ Who made it happen etc.
§ And also why she doesn’t have any friends, it seems
o C. Empathy
§ The fire
§ Being forced to do something she doesn’t want to do
§ Excitement at new opportunities
§ The Rat – her only ‘friend’
o D. Likeability
§ Taking care of the rat
§ Her creativity
§ Her lightness in a dire situation
– CHANGE AGENT
o A. Relatability
§ She’s in a dire situation – and there’s no way out
§ She’s trying to take care of her younger self (kinda family), but her younger self insists on being a problem
§ She has a family that she’s lost
§ A life that she’s ‘lost’
§ She’s been through the mill (is going through, still)
o B. Intrigue
§ What is her plan – and why
§ Who is she, anyway?
§ Has she fixed the Black Hole situation?
o C. Empathy
§ Caught between a rock and a hard place
§ Appreciating what she has actually achieved
o D. Likeability
§ Taking care of her younger selves – in the best way she can
§ Her desire to NOT expunge the world…! And save it
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ASSIGNMENT 7
Susan McClary’s Connection with Audience
“What I learned doing this assignment is…?”
I realized I already had this built into my MM model.
1) Tell us which characters you are going to INTENTIONALLY create a connection with the audience.
GG Jughead
Various Pets
2) With each character, tell us how you’ll use each of the four ways of connecting with the audience in the first 30 minutes of the movie. A. Relatability B. Intrigue C. Empathy D. Likability
GG Jughead –
Relatability: Almost everyone has had a really difficult day when everything seemed to go wrong and just when you thought you were out of the woods things got worse. That is what happens to GG. Almost everyone has been misunderstood at some time in their lives. The screenplay starts out with GG being misunderstood by his girlfriend, and his brother. Anyone who has had pets has had them act out in one way or another.
Intrigue: Will GG get over his X-girlfriend throwing him out of his own house? Will he ever be able to take care of his brother’s menagerie of pets? Will they like him? What will they do next? Will he learn to stick up for himself?
Empathy: GG’s getting piled up on and it appears that he will be unable to cope. His X-girlfriend threw him out of his own house.
Likeability: GG seems like a nice guy. He is also extremely funny and entertaining.
Various Pets –
Relatability: Anyone who has had a pet understands when they feel sad and abandoned. Anyone who has had a pet has experienced their acting out.
Intrigue: Will the pets adjust to their “Dad” being gone? Will they get taken care of properly? Will they every accept GG?
Empathy: People feel sad when pets are unhappy.
Likeability: They are very cute, endearing, funny, and entertaining.
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Ray’s Connection with Audience
What I learned while doing this assignment is to connect the audience to the main character so they can live the transformation.
1. Eve – Empathy – loss of husband and starting a new business endeavor alone
2. Ava – Empathy – loss of parents moving in with complete strangers
3. Adam – Likability – proposing to Eve and committing to start a business with Eve
4. The little boy – intrigue – loss of father and foiling Eve’s plans
5. Eve, Ava, and little boy – Relatability – losing a loved one
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Gordie’s Connection with Audience
What I learned from this assignment is to identify the four characteristics of principal roles that connect them with the audience.
Audience connections from the first 30 minutes of TMS (abbreviated title)
Jess is the TC. Augie is the CA
Opening Scene – Public phone at busy airport.
A foreign airport, 1968. Jess, in a sweat drenched pilot’s uniform, holds payphone receiver to his ear, the other hand over his other ear to cut the busy hustle-bustle noise. His armpits are drenched from oppressive heat. He listens intently to his wife but can’t get a single word in despite his trying. Then the line clicks dead. “Shit.”
Jess – the TC
A. Relatability
He’s away from family while working. He has kids. He’s trying to stay in touch with them while traveling.
Hasn’t everyone been sweaty in public?
Many have attempted to use public phones or their own phones in airports or in noisy places.
Most have endured a person dominating a conversation where one feels she/he could not get a word in edgewise. Many have endured such conversations while afar from home where they are left frustrated, alone and lonely after such a call.
B. Intrigue
The one partial sentence Jess is able to convey before being cut-off is that he must stay, wherever he is, “another six months….” Why? What’s going on? What’s he doing? What’s his work? Is he a pilot? Is there tension in his marriage? To what extent? Why? Is it the cause for his being afar from family?
C. Empathy
Empathy for the frustration when not being able to get a word in when conversing with a dominate person, whether at work, in a relationship or elsewhere. Empathy for being separated from family. Empathy for someone feeling frustrated, lonely, alone.
D. Likability
Friendly demeanor. Reasonable appearing guy. He’s trying to check in with family while traveling. What’s not to like about that?
Next Scene – walking across tarmac and first glimpse of the plane.
Jess meets Augie when walking across the tarmac toward planes. Augie is looking for his first ride’s check pilot, whom he doesn’t yet know is Jess, the guy with whom he’s conversing. Finally, there are intros and friendly handshake. {Remainder omitted).
Jess – the TC
B. Intrigue
Jess and Augie are pilots. Wow, how does that POS airplane get off the ground? Why must they fly this plane rather than another that is safe? What is their mission? What is the payload? They are leaving at dusk particularly when, in this era, there’s no precise electronic navigation aids that would help one keep track of location at night, like, e.g., GPS. And it’s not likely there are VOR towers in this part of the world.
D. Likability
Jess shows his friendly, experienced confidence. He’s funny – he crazily beats his chest like Tarzan at a passing crew who will fly tandem with them that eve.
Augie – the CA
A. Relatability
Augie is a newbie assimilating into a new job in a new place. He has the right skills. He must work with subpar equipment. He has a new wife. He’s taking a risky job for good pay.
B. Intrigue
Augie is a black man from the USA. That he is an experienced commercial pilot from the USA with an airline passenger “ticket” is unheard of back in the 1960s. But this is not the USA. And there’s absolutely no racism here where Jess is instantly accepting of Augie’s skills as his newest copilot. Will Augie risk life and limb to fly this death-trap-of-a-plane? Or does it just look like a death trap? Why the big paychecks? Are these missions dangerous? What the heck is the payload?
C. Empathy
Concern for Augie’s safety. To receive extraordinary paychecks he must risk his life by flying a seemingly marginally maintained airplane, at night no less. Is there even more danger to this mission?
D. Likability
Good natured with Jess’s joke about his name, “Augie,” as a pilot. Jess likes him.
Next scene – inside the cockpit
Jess puts Augie in the first seat (i.e., captain’s seat). Augie admits he has not flown this particular model. Jess tells him, this is a complicated airplane, that he, Augie, has the easiest job, that all he has to do is fly and follow directions precisely, nothing else. (Remainder omitted).
Jess – the TC
D. Likability
Confident but understated. Puts Augie in the “first seat.” Jess is gracious.
Augie – the CA
A. Relatability
New job, accepting the challenges to fit in.
B. Intrigue
A reversal of roles: Augie is placed in the captain’s seat but where the person in charge is the one in the copilot’s seat, Jess.
C. Empathy
Fitting into a new job, a new role, in a new environment where, although Augie holds the skills required for the job, this is a more edgy work environment.
Next scene – in flight (black skies outside)
Conversations between Jess and Augie where both get to know one another. Augie discovers it’s difficult to draw out from Jess what he’s all about. Jess is a bit understated and holds private matters “close to the vest.” Jess explains the payload, the mission. Jess tells Augie that what they do with these flights is more important than even their exceptional paychecks. (Remainder omitted).
Jess – the TC
A. Relatability
Many from audiences have either been or have worked with a capable, calm and focused leader. Many have emulated such persons in their work environments. Many from audiences have been required to perform or endure extraordinarily stressful tasks. Many have endured stressful working environments. Many have experienced it all while serving in the military.
B. Intrigue
We finally know this is a Red Cross mercy mission. We discover Jess and crew are flying through a gun enforced, blockaded no-fly-zone region and consequently they are taking on heavy antiaircraft fire. Jess and Bull are cool, calm, where this is their nightly experience. But it takes Augie, the newcomer, everything he has to keep from soiling his pants. And why would someone try to shoot down Red Cross humanitarian flights in the first instance?
C. Empathy
There is concern for the crew’s safety and hope that they would survival. These are civilians enduring combat conditions, and the audience feels their fright.
D. Likability
They are flying a Red Cross mercy mission, doing good, risking their lives to help others.
Augie – the CA
A. Relatability
Many have found themselves in a tough spot, in a dangerous situation, whether at work or elsewhere.
B. Intrigue
Will Augie return to the danger after he experienced first-hand on his inaugural flight, what it would likely be like every night from here on end?
C. Empathy
Concern for Augie’s safety.
D. Likability
Augie is a reasonable guy doing his best to fit in, stay calm and function while facing dangers he never before confronted and in his wildest dreams never anticipated.
Next scene – the landing, the bomber, the payload, the children
When attempting to land Augie discovers the strip is but a widened jungle road just wide enough to accommodate the big plane. Also, there is only one string of lights defining the landing strip for nighttime landings. While Augie follow’s Jess’s lead to guide the plane toward the lights, he is scared s%$#less. Then, as they watch their sister ship leave the airstrip before them, before Jess’s plane lands, their bretheren are bombed right in front of them. Then it’s bedlam. (Omitted).
Jess the TC
A. Relatability
Some have lived through or experienced nearly tortuous and frightening moments.
B. Intrigue
The entire plan and method of how these planes try to remain undetected while breaching a sovereign’s strictly enforced, nearly impermeable blockade is an incredible feat.
C. Empathy
Jess loses his close friends while watching it happen but can’t do anything about it. The audience feels his loss and his vow of retribution toward the bomber, Heinrick.
D. Likability
Jess’s level-headed leadership under incredibly stressful conditions truly shines. Despite the horrific events they all just witnessed, Jess must quickly formulate a plan to deliver their payload without being detected by the bomber. He does so while quelling his impassioned anger because there’s just no time to reflect on it and no time to mourn.
Augie – the CA
A. Relatability
Some have lived through or experienced nearly tortuous and frightening moments.
B. Intrigue
The entire plan and method of how these planes try to remain undetected while breaching a country’s border where entry is strictly forbidden and enforced by big guns. The nearly impermeable blockade. That these pilots are civilians, not military, engaging in military.
C. Empathy
The audience is sucked into agreeing with Augie, that Jess must be “absolutely bat shit crazy” when turning around to deliver their payload immediately after what they just encountered, until Jess conveys his level-headed reasoning. The audience feels Augie’s frightful moments at every step before realizing that most all of this would be Augie’s new life every time he flies with Jess.
D. Likability
Augie is human. His world as a trained pilot is repeatedly tested and exceeded well beyond his understanding, at least thus far, of what’s acceptable and safe. Yet he is learning that this is how it is. Meaning, he’s coping, like all of us when we find the normalcy of our lives put on tilt or when our normalcy is challenged.
© Gordon M. Cowan 2023 – All Rights Reserved
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